Cylinder Pressure

(PSI) = Force (pounds)/Area (sq. Inch)

Cylinder Area

(sq. inch) = 3.1416 x Radius Squared

Cylinder Force

(pounds) = Pressure (PSI) x Area (sq. inch)

Cylinder Volume/Gallons

(Vol) = (Area x Stroke in inches) / 231

Fluid Motor Torque

(in. lbs.) T = Pressure (psi) x disp. (cu. in. / rev.) / 6.2822

Fluid Motor Speed

(RPM) = (231 x GPM) / disp. (cu. in.)

Fluid Motor Horsepower

= Torque (in. lbs.) x RPM / 63025

Pump Output Flow

(GPM) = ((RPM) x disp. (cu. in.)) / 231

Pump Input Horsepower

= GPM x Pressure (psi) / 1714 x eff.

Pump Input Torque

(T) = (GPM x PSI x 3.06) / RPM /eff

Pump Displacement Cu. In.

(Disp.) = GPM x 231) / RPM /eff

Pump Input Speed

( RPM) = (GPM x 231) / Disp. / eff

Pump Efficiency

(eff) = Actual Flow (GPM) / Theoretical Flow (GPM)

Pump Flow with PTO Drive

(GPM) = (Engine RPM x % PTO x Disp. x eff) / 231

Velocity of Oil Flow in Pipe

(Vel) = GPM x 0.3208 / Area

• 1 BAR = 14.50 PSI
• 1 Centimeter = 0.3937 Inches
• 1 Cubic Centimeter = 0.06 Cubic Inches
• 1 Cubic Inch = 16.39 Cubic Centimeters
• 1 Gallon = 3.79 Liters
• 1 Gallon = 231 Cubic Inches
• 1 Gallon Per Minute = 3.79 LPM
• 1 HP/ Hr = 2,547 BTU
• 1 Inch = 2.540 Centimeters
• 1 Inch = 25.4 Millimeters
• 1 KW = 1.341 HP
• 1 Liter = 0.26 Gallons
• 1 Liter Per Minute = 0.26 GPM
• 1 Millimeter = 0.039 Inches
• 1 MPA = 145.2 PSI
• 1 PSI = 0.069 BAR

Pump Unusually Noisy

• Low fluid level
• Fluid too heavy ( incorrect viscosity )
• Fluid temperature too low
• Suction line too small
• Restriction or partially clogged suction line
• Suction strainer / filter contaminated
• Suction strainer / filter too small
• Pump running too fast
• Reservoir air-vent plugged
• Air bubbles in fluid
• Air leak at pump inlet plumbing
• Flexible coupling misalignment
• Pump excessively worn
  

Pump Takes Too Long or Fails to Respond

• Low fluid level
• Fluid too heavy ( incorrect viscosity )
• Suction strainer / filter contaminated
• Suction strainer / filter too small
• Suction ball valve closed or partially closed
• Reservoir air-vent plugged
• Air leak at pump inlet plumbing
• Pump running too slowly
• Pump failure

No Pressure in System

• Pump not delivering fluid
• Relief valve mal-adjusted or failed ‘open’
• Internal leakage in control valves, motors or cylinders
• External leakage of component(s)

Low or Erratic Pressure in System

• Relief valve setting too low
• Relief valve worn or sticking
• Low fluid level
• Fluid too heavy ( incorrect viscosity )
• Air bubbles in fluid
• Control valves not opening / closing fully
• Internal leakage in control valves, motors or cylinders
• External leakage of component(s)
• Pump compensator setting too low
• Pump excessively worn

Slow or No Actuator Operation

• Pump not delivering correct amount of fluid
• Directional Control not shifting
  a. Electrical failure of solenoid, limit switches, etc
  b. Insufficient pilot-pressure
  c. Interlock device not actuated
• Worn or damaged cylinder or hydraulic motor
• Flow control mal-adjusted
• Operating pressure too low
• Mechanical bind

Excessive Heating of Fluid

• Continuous operation at relief valve setting
• Pump compensator set higher than relief valve
• Components leaking internally
• Reservoir sized too small to provide adequate heat rejection
• Fluid level low or insufficient
• Valves or plumbing too small
• Fluid viscosity too low
• Heat exchanger water shut off or heat exchanger plugged